Why do bankers get paid so much? And what happens when you place a ruler on top of a finger from each hand and bring your fingers together?

These are among the questions asked of applicants to the University of Oxford, according to a sample list released ahead of the application deadline on 15 October.

The question about bankers¡¯ pay, which also asks students whether the government should do something to limit remuneration in the sector, was set for economics and management applicants by Brian Bell, associate professor of economics at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.

The question about the ruler ¨C in which students are invited to complete the ¡°experiment¡± and explain what they find ¨C was set for engineering applicants by Steve Collins, associate professor of engineering science at University College, Oxford.

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One question on the list asks Oriental studies applicants to discuss whether archaeology can prove or disprove the Bible, while another asks experimental psychology applicants to calculate the likelihood of winning a game of chance.

Samina Khan, director of admissions and outreach at Oxford, said that the aim of releasing the questions was to dispel the ¡°myths¡± that still persisted about interviews at the university.

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¡°We want to underscore that every question asked by our tutors has a purpose, and that purpose is to assess how students think about their subject and respond to new information or unfamiliar ideas,¡± Dr Khan said. ¡°We hope that seeing some of the less obvious questions will reassure prospective applicants that tutors simply want to see how students think and respond to new ideas ¨C we are not interested in catching students out.¡±

Here are some of the sample questions:

Philosophy, politics and economics
Brian Bell, Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford

Why is income per head between 50 and 100 times larger in the United States than in countries such as Burundi and Malawi?

Professor Bell: The question is focused on perhaps the most important economic question there is: why are some countries rich and some countries poor? As with most economics questions, there is no simple or unique answer. Candidates need to think about all the potential reasons why such income gaps exist. A good starting point is to think about whether the amount of capital and technology available to workers in different countries is the same and if not, why not? US workers are much more productive because they have access to the best technology ¨C the US is at the technological frontier. But why do poor countries not just buy the same technology and be as productive? Possibly, the education levels are too low to allow for the use of such technology or perhaps there are insufficient savings to purchase the technology or the infrastructure might not exist. Good candidates should recognise that institutions matter a lot ¨C respect for property rights and the rule of law appear to be prerequisites for sustainable development. Other factors might include trade restrictions by the rich world on poor countries¡¯ exports, civil wars, disease (e.g., Aids, malaria) and so forth. The trick is to think widely and not try to fit the answer to some lesson that has been learned in school.

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Economics and management
Brian Bell, Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford

Do bankers deserve the pay they receive? And should government do something to limit how much they get?

Professor Bell: This is a very topical question in light of the recent financial crisis. A simple answer might be that since banks are generally private firms and workers are free to work where they wish, then the pay they receive is just the outcome of a competitive labour market. In this story, bankers earn a lot because they are very skilled and have rare talents. It is hard to see a reason for government intervention in this case ¨C although on equity grounds one may want to have a progressive income tax system that redistributes some of this income. A good candidate would wonder why it is that seemingly equivalently talented people can get paid so much more in banking than in other occupations. Do we really believe that bankers are so much better than other workers in terms of skill? An alternative story is that the banking industry is not competitive and generates profits above what a competitive market would produce. This would then allow workers in that industry to share some of those profits and so earn much more. In this case, there is a role for government intervention ¨C making the market more competitive. The key point about this question is trying to get candidates to think about the economics of pay rather than just whether they think it is fair or not.

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Biomedical sciences
Robert Wilkins, St Edmund Hall, Oxford

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Why is sugar in your urine a good indicator that you might have diabetes?

Dr Wilkins: This question builds on general knowledge and material studied at school in biology and chemistry to assess how students approach a clinically relevant problem. It¡¯s commonly known that diabetes is associated with sugar (glucose) in the urine; this question asks students to think about why this occurs. Students have usually learned that the kidneys filter blood to remove waste products, such as urea, that must be eliminated from the body, but many other useful substances that must not be lost ¨C including glucose ¨C are also filtered. Given that glucose is not normally found in the urine, students are asked to speculate as to how it can all be recovered as the urine passes through the kidney¡¯s tubules. The process involves reabsorption by a carrier protein that binds the glucose molecules and moves them out of the renal tubule and back into the blood. Students should appreciate that, in binding glucose, the carrier will share properties with enzymes, about which they will have learned at school: the capacity to reabsorb glucose is finite because once all of the carriers are working maximally, no further glucose reabsorption can occur. A successful applicant will make the connection that an elevated level of glucose in the blood in diabetes leads to increased filtration of glucose by the kidneys and saturation of the carriers that perform the reabsorption, resulting in ¡°overspill¡± of glucose in the urine.

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Experimental psychology
Nick Yeung, University College, Oxford

Imagine that 100 people all put ?1 into a pot for a prize that will go to the winner of a simple game.? Each person has to choose a number between zero and 100. The prize goes to the person whose number is closest to two-thirds of the average of all of the numbers chosen. What number will you choose, and why?

Professor Yeung: I like this as a question for experimental psychology because answering it brings in a range of skills relevant to the subject. Partly it involves numerical and analytical skills: the question implies that the answer will be two-thirds of some other number, but which one? Some people's first guess is two-thirds of 100, i.e., 66 or 67, in which case I¡¯d ask them what numbers everyone else would have to pick for them to win. In this case, everyone else would have to choose 100, which is unlikely. More often people first guess two-thirds of 50 (33), which seems intuitively more likely.? At this point, and usually without prompting, the recursive nature of the solution becomes clear: if there is good reason for me to choose 33, then maybe everyone else will choose 33 too, in which case I should choose two-thirds of 33...but then everyone will think this and choose two-thirds of 33 too, so I should choose two-thirds of that number, and so on. Assuming everyone thinks like this, then everyone will eventually settle on zero as their choice ¨C this is the formal ¡°game theory¡± solution.? At this point, I¡¯d ask questions that bring out the candidate¡¯s broader reasoning skills in terms of thinking how we could define what it is rational to do in this game. Game theory gives one definition of rationality, but does it give a plausible winning answer ¨C that is, is it likely that everyone, all 100 of them, will go through exactly the thought process we¡¯ve just described?? If not, is zero really a rational answer?? The question also has a psychological angle in thinking about reasons for people¡¯s behaviour and choices: will everyone put in the same effort? Will everyone be motivated to win? When I¡¯ve used this question in live audiences, sometimes people say that they¡¯d pick the number 100 just because it¡¯d throw a spanner in the works for everyone playing the game rationally. How should this affect your choice of answer? What if the stakes were increased so that everyone put ?1,000 into the pot at the start? What¡¯s clear from all this is that we¡¯re not looking for a single answer. Rather, we¡¯re interested in seeing how people think through a problem, figure out what are the relevant factors, respond when new information is provided, and so on.

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Engineering
Steve Collins, University College, Oxford

Place a 30cm ruler on top of one finger from each hand. What happens when you bring your fingers together?

Dr Collins: This would never be the opening question in an interview ¨C we usually start with a first question that gives the candidate an opportunity to get comfortable by discussing something familiar. We then ask more technical questions based on material in the GCSE and A-level syllabi. This question would come later in the interview, when we present candidates with an unfamiliar scenario and ask them to use what they know about familiar concepts (such as friction) to explain something. Almost everyone in this example will expect the ruler to topple off the side where the finger is closest to the centre to the ruler because they expect this finger to reach the centre of the ruler first. They then complete the ¡°experiment¡± and find both fingers reach the centre of the ruler at the same time and the ruler remains balanced on two fingers. We like to see how candidates react to what is usually an unexpected result, and then encourage them to repeat the experiment slowly. This helps them to observe that the ruler slides over each finger in turn, starting with the finger that is furthest from the centre. With prompting to consider moments and friction, the candidate will come to the conclusion that moments mean that there is a larger force on the finger that is closest to the centre of the ruler. This means that there is more friction between the ruler and this finger and therefore the rule slides over the finger furthest from the centre first. This argument will apply until the fingers are the same distance from the centre. The candidate should then be able to explain why both fingers reach the centre of the rule at the same time as observed. In some cases, particularly if we have not done a quantitative question already, we might then proceed with a quantitative analysis of forces and moments. We might even discuss the fact that the coefficient of static friction is higher than the coefficient of dynamic friction and therefore the ¡°moving¡± finger gets closer to the centre than the static finger before the finger starts to move over the other finger.

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Oriental studies
Alison Salvesen, Mansfield College, Oxford

Can archaeology ¡°prove¡± or ¡°disprove¡± the Bible?

Dr Salvesen: Candidates in my subject come from a wide variety of backgrounds and qualifications, so we generally try to tailor the interview questions to the individual according to what they have on the Ucas form or wrote about in their submitted work, in order to find out whether they have a genuine interest in the subject area and an aptitude for the course.

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For this particular question I would be looking for an answer that showed that the candidate could appreciate that the Bible was a collection of documents written and transmitted over several centuries, and containing important traditions that have a bearing on history, but that academic study of the Bible means that it has to be examined carefully to see when and where these traditions had come from and for what purpose they had been written. Whereas they should recognise that archaeology relies on non-literary sources preserved from ancient periods such as the remains of buildings and tools. These can often be dated by scientific means (and so appear more objective than literature), but we still frequently need additional information such as inscriptions or evidence from other similar sites in order to make sense of the ancient remains. In the end, I would hope that the candidate would work towards a realisation of the very different nature of these types of evidence, which sometimes gives a complementary picture, while in others it may be contradictory. Both require very careful interpretation, and just arguing that ¡°the Bible says¡± or that ¡°archaeology proves¡± is much too simplistic. (The same kind of thing applies to archaeology, the Quran and non-Islamic historical sources for a study of the early Arab conquests.)

chris.havergal@tesglobal.com