Dozens of mistakes identified in Naomi Wolf¡¯s University of Oxford doctoral thesis raise challenging questions for UK?postgraduate education and its?examinations process, according to a?historian.

The American feminist¡¯s DPhil dissertation has attracted interest in?recent years because it was the basis for her 2019 book Outrages: Censorship and the Criminalisation of?Love, which was pulped by her US publisher after she wrongly claimed that the?UK had in the Victorian?era executed several men for being?gay.

Other factual errors were also spotted in a reissued edition, with several of the men cited as examples of anti-gay injustice actually having been convicted for sexual offences against children and?animals.

The mistakes led to questions about how they were missed by Dr?Wolf¡¯s supervisor and examiners, but her dissertation remained under embargo for six years after being examined in April?2015.

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It was finally on Oxford¡¯s online research archive, alongside nine pages of corrections that address Dr?Wolf¡¯s misreading of criminal records and cite several texts that contradict claims that the mid- to late Victorian period saw an?escalation of Britain¡¯s persecution of gay?men. But the release does not reveal who examined the?thesis.

Tim Hitchcock, professor of digital history at the University of Sussex, whose digital archive contained the records misunderstood by Dr?Wolf, said the episode represented a?¡°failure of?supervision and examining¡±. He suggested that the unnamed examiners may have had backgrounds in English literature rather than legal history.

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¡°It shows that the British doctoral examining system is not as transparent or rigorous as it should be compared with other countries,¡± Professor Hitchcock told Times Higher Education. ¡°At?some level, a?doctorate should require a?public examination, but that is not really the case here ¨C I¡¯m not sure UK higher education has got this one?right.¡±

Professor Hitchcock said he was surprised to see the mistakes framed as ¡°minor¡± corrections. ¡°This looks like tinkering when what was clearly needed was a?rethink of?how the argument plays?out ¨C if your major data source is ill-used in this way, the whole argument needs to be rethought,¡± he said.

Problems about relying solely on his archive ¨C where descriptions of crimes are often only eight words long ¨C were well known by historians, who would generally cross-check cases with more extensive parliamentary records, explained Professor Hitchcock.

But Harry Cocks, an associate professor of?history at the University of Nottingham whose work on sexuality in Victorian England is referenced in Dr?Wolf¡¯s corrections, told É«ºÐÖ±²¥ that the wording of these records was ¡°easy to?misinterpret, and many historians have done?so¡±.

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An Oxford spokesman said a?thesis was ¡°a?product of its?time, and factual matters arising after its publication can be addressed separately by its author attaching clarifications or in further works¡±.

¡°The university does not have a procedure for editing a?thesis once it has been independently examined and deposited with the Bodleian Libraries, unless there is a?finding of?academic misconduct. Errors of?fact do?not in themselves amount to academic misconduct,¡± he said.

jack.grove@timeshighereducation.com