This ranking focuses on universities¡¯ role in fostering innovation and serving the needs of industry. It explores institutions¡¯ research on industry and innovation, their number of patents and spin-off companies and their research income from industry.

View the?methodology?for the Impact Rankings 2021?to find out how these data are used in the overall ranking.

Metrics

Research on industry, innovation and infrastructure (11.6%)

This focuses on research that is relevant to industry, innovation and infrastructure, measuring the volume of research produced.

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The data are provided by Elsevier¡¯s Scopus dataset, based on a query of keywords associated with SDG 9 (industry, innovation and infrastructure) and supplemented by additional publications identified by artificial intelligence. The dataset includes all indexed publications between 2015 and 2019. The data are normalised across the range using Z-scoring.

Patents citing university research (15.4%)

This is defined as the number of patents from any source that cite research conducted by the university.

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The data are provided by Elsevier and relate to patents published between 2015 and 2019 (not research published between these dates). Patents are sourced from the World Intellectual Property Organisation, the European Patent Office and the patent offices of the US, UK and Japan. The data are normalised across the range using Z-scoring.

University spin-offs (34.6%)

University spin-offs are defined as registered companies set up to exploit intellectual property that has originated from within the institution. They must have been established at least three years ago and still be active.

The data were provided directly by universities and normalised across the range using Z-scoring.

Research income from industry (38.4%)

This metric reflects the ability of the university to generate new research income from industry and commerce and is also used in the?Times Higher Education?World University Rankings. It measures the amount of research income an institution earns from industry, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP), scaled against the number of academic staff it employs.

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The data are subject-weighted against three broad areas: STEM; medicine; and arts, humanities and social sciences. This is scaled against the number of full-time equivalent staff in each area.

The data were provided directly by universities and normalised across the range using Z-scoring.

Evidence

When we ask about policies and initiatives, our metrics require universities to provide the evidence to support their claims. Evidence is evaluated against a set of criteria and decisions are cross-validated where there is uncertainty. Evidence is not required to be exhaustive ¨C we are looking for examples that demonstrate best practice at the institutions concerned.

Time frame

Unless otherwise stated, the data used refer to the closest academic year to January to December 2019.

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Exclusions

Universities must teach undergraduates and be validated by a recognised accreditation body to be included in the ranking.

Data collection

Institutions provide and sign off their institutional data for use in the rankings. On the rare occasions when a particular data point is not provided, we enter a value of zero.

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View the full methodology for the?É«ºÐÖ±²¥?Impact Rankings 2021?here.?