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我们必须摈弃对扎根本土研究者的偏见

特里莎·格林哈尔与埃德·霍金斯声称,奖助金申请者因不愿意换工作场所而遭到排挤可能涉及深层次不公平

八月 1, 2019
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“阿莎入围了英国的一项早期职业奖助金计划。在面试环节,她概述了个人发展计划,包括在美国呆一年,然后转到英国另一所大学的研究小组。她显然有孕在身。她描述道,自己将获得不同的技能,并在精心挑选的大学中接触到不同的观点。

专家组成员在随后的讨论中,并没有提及阿莎怀孕一事,但赞扬了她的承诺和抱负,并授予了她奖学金。

与阿莎形成鲜明对比的是阿曼达。阿曼达手头有好几项不错的学术成果,其中一项是与她的前博导(她仍在该博导的研究小组)合作的,一份是与本校另一位教授(她已开始与该教授开展非正式合作)合作的,还有一份与是海外同仁合作的。但她打算继续留在这所大学里工作。当被问及原因时,她回答说,自己已经可以自由开发自己研究项目了,而丈夫也是本校的一名学者,他们刚学会走路的孩子平日里由托儿所看护。

在阿曼达离开面试间后,小组成员提出两点质疑:一是她是否足够独立,二是她是否能全身心投入学术,在自己的学术领域内达到最高水平。最后她没有获得奖助金。

尽管对怀孕学者持有偏见是非法的,并被视为一种歧视,但所谓的离心偏见——即对那些希望留在原来所在学校的人持有的偏见——通常是不可测的。即使被发现,专家小组也可能认为离心偏见是合理的,因为它符合专家小组对年轻学者的期望。

当我们最近在推特上提出这个问题时,一名处于职业生涯中期的学者提及了一次奖学金申请失败的反馈,申请条件中明确指出,申请者“需要出国接受培训”,而另一名学者说,在他们的专业领域,“如果申请者没有‘去过美国进行交流’,就会被视为不太符合申请条件”。

有关这个话题的正式研究寥寥可数。然而,有趣的是,离心偏见似乎对女性的影响尤其明显。正如有人在推特上所言:“作为一个有叁个小孩的博士后,(离心偏见)就是我为何从来不费心去申请奖学金的原因所在。幸运的是,我在做博士后的大学里获得了永久讲师职位;其他人可就没这么幸运了。情况不该如此。”

学术界的离心期望现象可以追溯到18和19世纪,当时,牛津大学和剑桥大学期望年轻的人文专业毕业生去欧洲主要城市进行一次“大旅行”,以扩展知识面,获取文化资本及学习其他语言。在科学领域也概莫能外,青年科学家进行国际交流也一直被视为一种掌握专业技术的重要手段。这里要提到的关键文本是哈利·柯林斯于2001年所进行的一项经典研究《隐性知识、信任和蓝宝石的品质》,该研究阐述了西方人连仿制俄罗斯实验室所制造的蓝宝石都无法达到同等质量,直到他们在莫斯科实验室工作几个月之后才真正得以实现。

这些例子很引人入胜。但是,无论是从个人角度还是从职业角度来看,换到另一个机构无疑都有风险,因为进入和适应一个新环境需要耗费大量的时间和精力。换工作单位也可能付出高昂代价。此外,当今世界知识和技术无处不在,我们真的有必要——甚至值得——竭尽全力摆脱前博导所带来的影响吗?在多大程度上,我们可以将旅行里程或访问的机构数量视为学术“独立性”的可靠指标?

在推特上,学者们对此表示怀疑。有人说:“也许(我们)应该认识到,学术环境的好坏是因人而异的。有些人喜欢旅行、结识新朋友、从不同的环境中学习,而另外一些人则扎根本土,从稳定的科研‘家庭’中受益。”

虽然年轻学者发布的众多评论表明,一些专家小组仍然倾向于离心偏见,但似乎至少有一些专家小组能够并愿意将学术独立的目标与实现该目标的机制二者区分开来。一位学者在推特上说,他们今年早些时候主持的研究委员会小组一直在“将寻求发展独立性作为所有申请程序的一部分,一些来自同一所学校的参评人没有证实这一点……而另外一些同样留在本校的人则证实了该说法。”

令人欣慰的是,一位成功申请到奖学金的学者(在另一个小组)也证实了这一点:“我设法证明自己不需要去到另一所机构,因为我开展了广泛的国际合作,而且这里是完成计划工作的最佳地点。”

然而,在偏见层出不穷的年代,也许是时候寻找离心偏见的特征、制定衡量标准了,这样我们至少可以识别它,大声说出来,并(在必要时)加以测量。或者采取更激进的方式——专家小组可以允许(或要求)申请人拒绝接受人为指派的科研地点。

否则,年轻学者即使可能在怀孕一事上受到较少事业打击,但他们仍然可能会因为个人、家庭或学术原因寻求扎根而受到惩罚。

特里莎·格林哈尔是牛津大学初级保健卫生科学专业教授。埃德·霍金斯是雷丁大学的气候科学专业教授。

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Reader's comments (3)

This article is so biased. What it describes apply only to hiring practices in a few elite UK and US institutions. In many academic systems (Italy, Germany etc) inbreeding is pervasive. The only way to get a job is often to get a job at the same institution where one has done their PhD, or in one where the PhD supervisor has connections. In a lot of the academic world, applications by "external" are automatically disregarded. The "centrifugal bias" the authors talk about is a way a few elite institutions try to fight inbreeding and make sure that they hire talented and committed candidates, rather than those who own their position to the support of "[a] stable research ‘family’” (read: a powerful patron).
As well as being as indirectly discriminating against women, centrifugal bias also indirectly discriminates against disabled applicants who may be unable to travel internationally (some countries will not even issue visas if you will "place too much pressure on the health or social care system") or even within country (since transferring between hospitals and doctors can be extremely disruptive.) It seems to me that it could be argued that this sort of policy is actually discriminatory since it indirectly discriminates against members of at least two protected groups (gender and disability.)
The problem, in the example given of Amanda, the researcher who is not willing to change institutions, is about the practice of hiring two members of the same family as academics - husband and wife, or father and daughter. The stable research 'family', isn't just that, it has literally become a research family, whether stable or not, a university engaging in nepotism, which hardly an acceptable way to conduct a hiring. If the reluctant researcher hasn't had a chance yet to experience the risks of moving day, maybe she should, to get over that fear. The article doesn't say whether she teaches or just does research. But one issue that is not mentioned is the effect on students, often international students, who might just know more about life than their teacher. If she is not willing to try living in another country, or at least a different city, is she really suitable to teach, if she decided to at a later date. It is a fact that "different people flourish in different circumstances", but how do they know how far they can extend themselves if they don't try. It's a university, not a safe haven for employees to feel secure in.
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