Over the past few decades, two major ideological trends have mounted a pincer movement against , particularly in the social sciences and the humanities. These trends emanate from very different parts of the political spectrum, but both challenge universities¡¯ overriding traditional commitment to producing and disseminating expert knowledge based on research.

The first involves a shift by many governments away from funding universities based on state patronage towards an approach governed by the notion of investment. In the now-distant past, Western universities were financed, at least overtly, on the grounds that what they did was intrinsically worthwhile, with academics¡¯ expertise in judging the value of their own work being largely respected. But now governments and citizens are anxious to judge whether spending on universities provides sufficient ¡°return¡± ¨C based on accountability mechanisms purportedly measuring this, such as the UK¡¯s research and teaching excellence frameworks.

This shift has taken place over a long period, promoted by political parties of different complexions. In large part, it reflects the application of ¡°new public management¡± ideas, which focus on making the public sector as ¡°efficient¡± as the private sector is assumed to be. This was a response to criticism of the public sector for failing to supply the amount and quality of services that citizens expected. The failings of the public sector were greatly exaggerated but, aside from this, the investment model does not fit universities since they cannot ¡°deliver¡± goods or services. That is not the nature of their task.

In relation to university teaching, the assumption has been that the service academics offer is enabling students to obtain qualifications that open the door to high-paying occupations. Acquiring such jobs has, of course, long been one effect of attending university for some students, but it was not previously the goal of university teaching. And, in my view, it never should be. It distorts and undermines universities¡¯ longstanding rationale to provide students with opportunities to explore specialised knowledge for the sake of gaining greater understanding of the world.

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As regards research, the investment model has led to a preoccupation with ¡°impact¡±: the degree to which the knowledge produced can be ¡°applied¡±, via ¡°transfer¡± or ¡°translation¡±. Here, too, the effect is to undermine the traditional rationale for the academy. In effect, this new model reduces all university research to an impoverished form of applied science. The pressure for ¡°productivity¡± is also likely to lead to sloppy research.

The second major trend comes from a very different place. This is the insistence, by many in the humanities and social sciences today, that research and teaching are necessarily political and should be directed towards ¡°progressive¡± goals. It is announced that if they are not designed to bring about ¡°social change¡± they are either trivial or support the status quo. All knowledge claims are merely interpretations that rely on assumptions and values, so the argument goes, and therefore should be seen as weapons in the struggle for power. Objectivity is impossible, it is declared, and appeals to this are necessarily ideological. Consequently, academics¡¯ claims to superior specialised knowledge are often viewed as a form of domination.

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While it is widely accepted at face value, the grounds for this politicisation of research and teaching are weak, whether they lie in Marxist critical theory, radical feminism, Foucault¡¯s post-structuralism, or critical race theory. It is not that those bodies of thought are entirely misconceived, but rather that influential versions rely on philosophical ideas ¨C forms of historicism, relativism and scepticism ¨C that are self-undermining. Furthermore, these are frequently applied selectively, simply to attack opposing positions. When it comes to research, the result, usually, is spurious findings that are ¡°too good to be false¡±.

We are now in a crucial phase of the pincer movement represented by these two trends. Some politicians are using what they see as the ideological character of the social sciences and humanities to justify the exercise of greater control over universities, not just to steer them further towards serving ¡°national needs¡± but also to ensure that they conform to the .

Bizarrely, this shift towards political control of universities is sometimes defended in the name of ensuring academic freedom or free speech. For example the UK government has established a ¡°free speech czar¡± to prevent non-¡°woke¡± ideas being ¡°cancelled¡±. At the same time, academics who have criticised its policies.

Will the academy survive this pincer movement and preserve its unique mission? In the case of one of the trends, the remedy is largely in our own hands, though it seems that few of us are willing to resist the politicisation of research and teaching when it fits with our own beliefs. By contrast, unfortunately there is relatively little we can do to alter the fact that governments only value universities for their contributions to national economic goals.

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Nevertheless, if we do not abuse academic freedom ourselves, by using it or condoning its use as a disguise for political activism, we will be in a stronger position to defend it when it is attacked or distorted by others.

Martyn Hammersley is emeritus professor of educational and social research at?The Open University.